[ effect of removable orthodontic appliances on prevalence of oral Candida albicans in children]

Removable orthodontic appliances could increase the prevalence of Candida albicans and stomatitis in mouth of treated patients. To examine the effect of good oral hygiene on prevention of Candida albicans increase in children under treatment with removable arthodontic appliances. In this cross-sectional study, 30 children aged between 8-12 years old who were treated with removable orthodontic appliances and 30 healthy children in the same age range as control group were selected. One month after giving instructions on oral hygiene, samples were taken from patients' oral mucosa. The specimens were assessed by colony formation and germ tube test. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test with 95% confidence to compare the study groups. There were significant differences between the two groups regarding the redness, soreness, and inflammation which were more frequent in orthodontic patients [p=0.03]. Colony formation was significantly higher in orthodontic patients than control group [P<0.001]. In addition, germ tube was more obvious in samples of orthodontic patients than control group [P=0.045]. Despite the practice of good oral hygiene, application of removable orthodontic appliances leads to an increase in prevalence of Candida albicans

[Histological evaluation of micro implant-bone interface following immediate versus delayed loading in a dog's mandibular bone]

Skeletal anchorage devices such as microimplants are successful attempts to have absolute anchorage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of immediate and delayed orthodontic loading on maxillary and mandibular microimplants regarding histologic responses and bone implant contact [BIC] in a dog. Thirthy-two microimplants [Abso Anchor] were bilaterally placed in the mandibular premolar regions of four adult male dogs. The microimplants were divided into loaded and unloaded [control] groups. The control group had two subgroups of 4 and 8 weeks and the loaded group comprised two subgroups of immediate and delayed [after 4 weeks healing period] loading. Loaded samples were subjected to 200g load provided by Ni-Ti coil spring for 4 weeks. The decalcified specimens were prepared for histological examination under light microscope. The microimplants' surrounding tissue was observed histologically and the bone implant contact [BIC] percentage was calculated in each sample. Three way ANOVA was used to compare BICs in different groups. Mobility was detected in two mandibular microimplants, so the survival rate was calculated as 93.7%. BIC values were not significantly different between loaded and unloaded groups, and between immediate and delayed loaded groups. Immediate or delayed loading of microimplants does not load to significant difference in the bone-microimplant contact

Association between sociodemographic factors and nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits among Iranian girls

Prolonged duration offinger-and pacifier-sucking may be a risk factor for maldevelopment of orofacial structures and dental occlusion. This study assessed the prevalence of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits and their association with some contributing factors among 7-year-old girls in Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on a questionnaire to the parents of 436 schoolgirls, the rate of current or previous pacifier-sucking was 26.6% and of finger-sucking was 10.6%. Child's birth rank and number of siblings and parents' educational level were significantly related to ever pacifier-sucking but not to finger-sucking. The highest prevalence of ever pacifier-sucking was among children who had been breast- and bottle-fed but finger-sucking was more common among exclusively breastfed children

[Anthropometric measurements of lip-nose complex in 11-17 years old males of Mashhad using photographic analysis]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate anthropometric parameters of lip - nose complex in 11-17 years old males in Mashhad using photographic analysis. Number of 357 Fars boys [11-17 years old], residence in Mashhad were included in this study. They were all class.I. Some frontal and lateral photographs of natural head position were taken by a digital camera. After landmark determination, anthropometric parameters including alar width, mouth width, nose height, cupid arch width, vertical height of lips, columellar width, nasolabial angle and nasal root slope angle were determined by Smile Analyzer software while Kruskal - Wallis test was used for data analyses. This study revealed that alar width, nasal height and mouth width were increasing gradually within 11 to 16 years of age. But nose height to nose width proportion did not show any significant differences in different age groups [P=0.097]. Nasolabial angle in different age groups had no significant statistical differences and it was between 95.83 and 100.05 [P=0.315]. However for Cph-Cph, the distance was decreasing first and then increasing with no significant differences among age groups. Except significant differences observed in different age groups about nasolabial angle and nasal index, there were not any other significant differences for other anthropometric parameters. It could be helpful in orthodontic and surgical treatment planning

Seasonal and yearly fluctuations in birth date of cleft lip and palate children in northern east of Iran, 1992 - 2007

Cleft lip and palate are believed to be caused by multi factorial inheritance in which genes interact with environmental agents. Thus the main aims of this study were to find out seasonal variations in the birth date as well as the sex distribution in the birth of children with cleft lip and palate. In this retrospective study, the birth dates of 358 children born in Khorasan Razavi state from 1992 to 2007 with a diagnosis corresponding to cleft palate, or cleft lip with or without cleft palate, were obtained from Cleft Lip and Palate Research Unit in Mashhad Dental School. The data were analyzed by Chi -square test to look at the sex distribution and seasonal variation. The results showed the peak incidence of cleft palate birth in autumn. Cleft lip and palate showed a different seasonal trend, with the peak occurrence in the spring and autumn for males and in the winter for females. Additionally, this study showed the yearly rate for cleft lip, isolated cleft palate and cleft lip and palate decreased from 1992 to 2007. These seasonal trends may act as a pointer to the environmental factors active in the multi factorial etiology of cleft lip and cleft palate

investigation on facial and cranial anthropometric measurements among 20-35 year old individuals in the city of Mashhad

Anthropology is the science of body sizes evaluation in living people. The science could be useful in diagnosis of diseases especially syndromes. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the mean value of 20 craniofacial anthropometric parameters among 20-35 year old individuals of both sexes in the city of Mashhad. This cross sectional analytical study was carried out among 160 skeletal class I adults with normal face height, including 80 men and 80 women between 20 and 35 years of age. Twenty anthropometric parameters of the craniofacial complex [16 facial and 4 cranial] were measured on each subject by use of digital sliding catiper and soft measuring tape. Finally, the mean value of these parameters were determined according to sex, Furthermore, the mean anthropometric measurements of Iranians was compared with Canadians. Student-t test was used for comparing the measured values. In this study, all measurements in men were significantly greater than women [P<0.05]. On the other hand, anthropometric measurements in Iranians and Canadians were significantly different, except for n'-gn' and zy'-zy' in men and t-gn'-t and ft'-ft' in women. This study showed that all of the anthropometric measurements in women are smaller than men in the city of Mashhad. Furthermore it was revealed that in Mashhad young adults, soft tissue glabella and subnasal in relation to tragion were more retruded than Canadians, also the width and height of face in females in Mashhad were significantly greater than Canadian young women

[ relationship between smile esthetics perception and morphometric indices in normal occlusion females with and without history of orthodontic treatment]

A paramount objective of modern orthodontic therapy is the improvement of facial esthetics. Orthodontic treatment can cause an attractive smile through change in position of the anterior teeth. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine the standards of the beautiful smiles and also the effects of non extraction orthodontic treatment on smile esthetics. Sixty three women, 30 with non extraction orthodontically treated occlusions and 33 with normal occlusion were selected. Five standardized black and white close- up image of their posed smiles were taken and then the most natural photograph of each case were selected. At next selected photographs were evaluated by a panel of five men and five women of varied vocations. They were told to rate each photograph as to the attractiveness of the individual smile with visual analogue scale. This study showed 27.3% of normal occlusion females with out history of orthodontic treatment had very good, 57.6% had good and 15.1% had fair smiles. But in none extraction orthodontically treated group 10% had very good, 76.7% had good and 13.3% had fair smiles. As the result of the panel members evaluations, orthodontically treated subjects and subjects with normal occlusion had similar smile scores. Furthermore smile line ratio, buccal corridor ratio and symmetry ratio were not significantly different between two groups. On the other hand, there were no significant difference in smile morphometric indices between fair, good and very good smiles. This study demonstrates that the smile line, buccal corridor and symmetry of smile do not influence smile esthetics and also orthodontically treated subjects and subjects with normal occlusion had similar smile esthetics

[Cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome: a case report]

The most common congenital defect involving the face and jaws is cleft lip and palate. Exactly where they appear is determined by the locations at which fusion of the various facial processes failed to occur. The lip or the lip and palate together fail to close in approximately 1-1.5 in every 1,000 babies born. The presence of cleft lip and palate raises suspiscion to cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome especially when accompanied by anophthalmia, mental retardation and hypoplasia of nares. In this article, one case of a 4-year-old boy with cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome who had anophthalmia, median cleft lip and palate, a CNS defect and mental retardation has been reported. Discussion and Coclusion: Although anophthalmia is a rare congenital defect, its presence raises suspiscion to cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome especially when accompanied by cleft lip and palate, mental retardation and hypoplasia of nares. Therefore, we can conclude that in patients with cleft of upper lip, hypoplasia of nares and anophthalmia, cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome, must be considered. Since these abnormalities are also seen in Fraser syndrome the absence of digital and renal defects differentiates cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome

[An investigation on cranial and facial anthropometric parameters in parents of children with cleft lip and palate]

Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common congenital abnormalities in the head and neck area. Disturbance in primary sutures fusion can cause this problem in different parts of head and neck. So our goal to fulfill this research is to find some special facial anthropometric indices in parents that may have correlation with cleft lip and palate in children in order to separate families with genetic aptitude for cleft lip and palate. In this case - control study 57 couples of healthy parents with a child with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate were chosen in the epithet of case group and 57 couples of healthy parents with at least two healthy child, without a child with cleft were introduced as control group. 16 craniofacial anthropometric indices were measured by a digital caliper with 0.01 mm accuracy and a soft measuring tape and the findings were compared in two group by using t- test and mann-withney test. This research indicates that head width, minimal frontal width, head length and face width in fathers with a child with cleft are significantly less than the fathers in control group and face height, ear width and maxillary arch length are significantly more than fathers in control group. It also illustrates that minimal frontal width and facial width in mothers have a child with cleft are significantly less than the mothers in control group and face height, ear width, inner canthal width, outer canthal width, maxillary and mandibular arch length and head circumference are significantly more than the mothers in control group. We can conclude with attention to this research that craniofacial complex is under the heavy control of genetic factors thus the future investigations on the controlling genes concerning this index seem to be necessary

[ evaluation on the prevalence of oral habits and related familial factors among schoolchildren aged 6-12 years old in Mashhad]

Background and aim: correct diagnosis and treatment planning of oral habits require an accurate evaluation of not only occlusion but also familial and psychological factors and co-operation between dentist and psychiatrist can play an effective role in diagnosis and treatment. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral habits and their relationship with cultural, familial and economic factors among school children in Mashhad

Methods and Materials: in this cross-sectional study, 1000 school children [464 females, 536 males], aged 6-12 years old, from six different areas in Mashhad, were selected randomly. To collect the necessary information about general knowledge, parents' education and job, the number of children and the presence of oral habits, a questionnaire was sent for parents. Samples without complete questionnaires were excluded from the study. Data were subjected to SPSS program and Chi-Square test

Results: the findings of the present study indicated that 52.3% of the samples had at least one oral habit and the prevalence of habit among children aged 10-11 was higher than other groups. In this study, the prevalence of mouth breathing was 29%, thumb sucking 3.796, finger sucking [except thumb] 2.1 U4,, nail biting 10.5%, bruxim 24.4%, lip sucking 7.7%, lip biting 9.6% and other habits 2.1%. All these habits, except mouth breathing and bruxim, were more common among girls, but there was no statistically significant relationship between habit prevalence and sex [p-value=0.88]. Furthermore, factors such as parents occupation and number of siblings were also assessed, in relation to oral habits. Brmism, lip sucking and biting were more common among children with unemployed, retired or prisoned fathers where as nail biting was more prevalent among children of doctors, engineers and professors. Nail biting and bruxism were more common among single children of the family and fingcr and lip sucking and lip biting were more in children with five or more siblings

Conclusion: according to these findings, it is suggested that nearly half of the school children in Mashhad are affected with at least one oral habit, with more prevalence of mouth breathing, bruxism and nail biting. No significant difference was found between different sexes, however, higher prevalence was observed among crowded and socio-economically poor families